-
Ablation:
The action of carrying away, the loss of snow and ice from a glacier by sublimation, melting and evaporation.
-
Ablation moraines:
The rock debris at the edge of glaciers due to ablation.
-
Accumulation:
The input of ice to a glacier.
-
Alpenstock:
The fore runner of the modern ice axe, used for cutting steps in snow and ice when mountain climbing.
-
Altimeter:
Modified aneroid barometer, measures height above sea level.
-
Aneroid barometer:
Measures atmospheric pressure, the mercury in the glass barometer contracts as pressure rises, and expands as pressure falls. Used by Coleman to estimate heights of land.
-
Anorthosite:
Granular igneous rock, composed mainly of a soda-lime feldspar.
-
Anticline:
Where the folds of orginally horizontal strata are folded upward, the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold. (The opposite is a syncline.)
-
Archaean:
Pertaining to the oldest crystalline rocks of the Pre-Cambrian age, 3 800 to 2 500 million years ago.
-
Arenaceous:
Having the appearance or consistency of sand.
-
Aspect:
The direction in which a valley side or slope faces.
-
Athabasca Pass:
Lies at the Headwaters of the Whirlpool River (originally believed to be part of the Athabasca River), located on the Alberta / BC border.
-
Atmospheric pressure:
Force exerted against a surface by the weight of air molecules above the surface.
-
Avalanche:
Falling mass of snow and ice.
-
Bare Glacier:
A glacier whose surface is clear of debris and moraine, excluding a medial moraine.
-
barometer:
See aneroid barometer
-
Barres rocheuses:
Rock barriers, bands of steep rock which bar access to the snowline.
-
Basalt:
Volcanic, igneous rock which cooled quickly on the surface of the earth; dark coloured, makes up most of the world's oceanic crust.
-
Basic rock:
Rock with a relatively high concentration of iron, magnesium, calcium and silica
-
BC:
Abbreviation used by Coleman for Boulder Clay
-
Bdr:
Abbreviation used by Coleman for Boulder?
-
Bedrock:
Solid rock underlying alluvial and other superficial formations, as a figure of speech, the "lowest / bottom" level.
-
Beds:
A layer or stratum.
-
bergschrund:
A crevasse or series of crevasses formed at the head of a glacier. The crevasse forms as ice falls away downslope.
-
Big horn sheep:
A North American mountain sheep distinguished by its big horns; found in the Canadian Rockies.
-
Bivalve:
Mollusc animal or shell with two valves, e.g. clam or mussel.
-
Bivouac:
A temporary encampment in the mountains.
-
Black ice:
Ice formed from freezing water mixed with rock gravel.
-
Blow pipe:
A tube through which air / gas is blown to increase the heat of the flame, used for chemical experiments or for fusing metals.
-
Boiling point thermometer:
Boil water to determine height of land, water boils at a lower temperature as the altitude increases.
-
Boulder clay:
Made of rock flour and fragments of stones of all sizes.
-
Boulders:
Large block of stone, carried from the parent rock, generally lying on the surface or in superficial deposits.
-
Breccia:
Angular fragments of rocks caused by movement along a fault line or explosive igneous activity.
-
Brown, George:
Journalist, politician, Reformer, instrumental in the Confederation movement, seen by Coleman as a youth (see the 1867 diary.)
-
Cambrian:
A geological period of time in the Paleozoic era, 544 to 500 million years ago.
-
Canada East:
1840 Act of Union created the United Provinces of Canada, Canada East was previously known as Lower Canada
-
Canyon:
An extreme type of V-shaped valley with very steep sides and no valley floor.
-
Carbonifereous:
A period of geological time, 360 to 286 million years before the present.
-
Cayuse:
An Indian pony.
-
Cellar:
A dark, deep hole. Coleman refers to a "Cellar" in the Colombia River at Surprise Rapids.
-
Chalk:
Rock made from animal shells, white.
-
Chinook wind:
A warm, dry, turbulent wind that can blow for a few hours or a few days on the eastern side of the Rockies.
-
Cime:
The summit of a mountain.
-
Cirque:
The bowl or u-shaped hollow in a mountain side demonstrating a sign of glaciation, it provides a wide, deep channel for a glacier to drain. Some cirques contain a glacier.
-
Clinometer:
An instrument that measures the dip of mineral strata and the angle of a slope. It is also used to take altitude readings.
-
CNR:
Canadian National Railway
-
Col:
French word for a very high pass in the mountains.
-
col, diffluent see diffluent col:
-
Cold glacier:
Also known as a polar glacier, at its base the glacier is well below 0C, frozen to the bedrock.
-
Colombian Andes:
The Andes mountains in Colombia are divided into four ranges, Coleman visited the northern range "The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta" and the Eastern Cordillera range "Sierra Nevada de Cocuy."
-
Compass:
An instrument indicating the direction of magnetic north, used for navigation.
-
Congl. :
Coleman abbreviation for Conglomerate.
-
Conglomerate:
Made from gravel where rock fragments are cemented together.
-
Cordillera:
Ranges of mountains on the western parts of all countries of the American continent running south from Alaska, through Canada, the United States, Central and Southern America. (Canadian Rockies, Mexican Plateau and Volcanoes, the Andes.)
-
Corne:
A sharp rock peak resembling a horn, hoof or coronet.
-
Cornice:
A ledge, an overhanging ridge of built up snow on a mountain.
-
Corundum:
A mineral belonging to the same species as sapphire and rubies, opaque, can vary in colour from light blue to black.
-
Couloir:
A gully in the mountains (french word for corridor).
-
Covered glacier:
A glacier that is covered with debris and moraine.
-
CPR:
Canadian Pacific Railway
-
Cr. :
Abbreviation used by Coleman for Creek.
-
Crack:
A fissure in a rock face (a very narrow opening.)
-
Crag:
Steep, rugged rock.
-
Crampons:
Forged banded plates of steel fitted with spikes that are strapped to the soles of climbing boots.
-
Crevasse:
A vertical or wedge shaped crack in a glacier, it can vary in width from very narrow (centimetres) to very wide (tens of metres).
-
Crystallography:
The branch of Physical Sciences that deals with the structure of crystals and their classification.
-
Cut:
A passage cut as a roadway through a rock or woods, particularly as a railway cutting.
-
Dalle:
French word for a slab of rock.
-
Delta:
A triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides before entering a large body of water.
-
Deps. :
Coleman abbreviation for Deposits.
-
Devil,s Club:
A prickly plant found in north western United States and Canada.
-
Devonian:
Period of geological time in the Palaeozoic era, 410 to 360 million years before the present.
-
Diabase:
A variety of Greenstone rock, an altered form of basalt, currently referred to as Diorite.
-
Diffluent col:
A low pass at the side of a valley cut by ice spreading from one valley to an adjoining valley.
-
Dike / dyke:
A mass of mineral material, usually igneous rock, that fills a fissure and cuts across the bedding plane of a rock.
-
Diorite:
A variety of Greenstone rock, an altered form of basalt, previously referred to as Diabase.
-
Dip:
The angle between the maximum slope of a rock and the horizontal.
-
Douglas, David:
(1799 - 1834) Scottish botanist, collected North American specimens for the Horticultural Society of London. Douglas was the first white man known to have climbed Mount Brown (1827) as a member of the Palliser Expedition.
-
Drift:
Superficial and sedimentary deposits laid down by a glacier.
-
Dynamic Geology:
The nature and operation of the mechanical forces which shaped the earth (volcanoes, earthquakes, metamorphism.)
-
Eddy:
A circular movement of water causing a small whirlpool.
-
Eruptive:
A rock forced up / formed by an eruption such as a volcano.
-
Esker:
Long and steep sided sand and gravel ridges deposited by sub-glacial rivers.
-
Expanded-foot glacier:
A small piedmont glacier formed when the ice from a valley glacier spreads out onto the lowland of the valley.
-
Fanning:
Also called winnowing, the process of separating the refuse parts (chaff) from the grain.
-
Felds. :
Coleman's abbreviation for Feldspar.
-
Feldspar:
Name given to a group of minerals that make up the majority of the Earth's crust. There are the plagioclase feldspars and the alkali feldspars, usually white or red, occuring in crystals or crystalline masses, hardness of 6 on Mohs scale.
-
Felsic:
Term for igneous rock.
-
Firn:
The snow above a glacier, partially consolidated by the freeze - thaw, not yet glacier ice, also called névé.
-
Freeze - thaw:
Snow above a glacier which is partially consolidated by thawing and freezing, not yet a part of the ice of a glacier.
-
Gabbro:
Dark, coarse grained igneous rock, intrusive and plutonic, low in silica and has no quartz. Named after a town in Tuscany, Italy.
-
Glacial trough:
A glacial trough is frequently irregular and marked by basins and steps.
-
Glaciation:
The condition of having been covered by an ice sheet or glacier.
-
Glacier:
A glacier occurs where the accumulation of snow exceeds the summer meltwater. A mass of ice which may be moving or has moved overland, a river of ice which flows at an inperceptible rate, the surface of a glacier is broken by crevasses and ice falls as a result of it flowing over steep ground or around bends.
-
Glacier, bare see Bare glacier:
-
Glacier, cold see Cold glacier:
-
Glacier, covered see Covered glacier:
-
Glacier, expanded foot see Expanded foot glacier:
-
Glacier, niche see Niche glacier:
-
Glacier, outlet see Outlet glacier:
-
Glacier, warm see Warm glacier:
-
Glaciology:
The science that examines ice or glaciers.
-
Glissade:
A controlled descent down a snow slope by sliding and skating on one,s feet.
-
Gneiss:
Metamorphic rock, granular texture with a banded appearance, can be dark brown, greenish or red.
-
Granites:
Igneous rock, formed from magma.
-
Greenstones:
Greenish coloured eruptive roks containing feldspar and hornblende.
-
Greywacke:
Conglomerate, grit, rock of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together.
-
Gulch:
Narrow, deep ravine with steep sides, a gluch may contain a deposit such as placer gold.
-
Hanging Glacier:
Steep glacier, situated high on a mountain, an independent unit of ice clinging to a steep slope, hanging glaciers may flow into major glaciers.
-
Hanging Valley:
A valley cut across steep sides of a larger valley.
-
Hector, Sir. James:
(1834 - 1907) Surgeon and geologist to the Palliser Expedition (1857 - 60), described and sketched the general structure of the Rocky Mountains, explored the west from the Red River settlement to Vancouver island.
-
Henry House:
Trading post established by David Thompson, near Jasper on the Athabasca River in 1811. Coleman tried to locate the remains of Henry House.
-
Hob Nails:
Simple round nails with ,flit heads, fitted to the centre of soles and heels of boots, used for Mountain climbing.
-
Hooked:
Coleman,s cow "hooked" the horse Fanny, attacked with her horns.
-
Hornblende:
Dark coloured, principal constitutent of amphibole, commonly found as a constitutent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, basalt, gneiss and schist.
-
Hornblende schist:
Hornblende rock of a schistose nature.
-
Hummocky:
Uneven earth rising in hummocks, that is conical or dome shaped protuberances of earth or rock.
-
Ice:
Frozen water rendered solid by low temperature.
-
Ice Age sediment:
Common throughout most of Canada, it foms a widespread discontinuous blanket of rock, in Canada it was deposited between 20 000 and 10 000 years ago by ice sheets.
-
Ice axe:
A tool for scraping and cutting steps in ice and hard snow, a blade and pick mounted on a wooden shaft.
-
Ice cap:
A permanent covering of ice over a tract of land such as a high mountain or one of the poles.
-
Ice tongue:
A body of ice that projects from a glacier or ice sheet in a long and narrow tongue.
-
Identifying minerals:
Minerals are identified by hardness (Mohs Scale), luster, clevage, crystalline form, colour, and rock type.
-
Igneous rock:
Rocks formed by the solidification of molten matter that originated within the Earth.
-
Illinoian drift:
One of four glacial drifts in North America, laid in the last quarter of the Pleistocene Ice age, a younger drift laid down before the Wisconsin drift.
-
Inclusion:
A small body contained in a crystal or mineral mass, naturally occurring flaw.
-
Intergl. :
Coleman abbreviation for Interglacial.
-
Interglacial:
Formed or occuring between two glacial periods.
-
Intrusion:
An influx of rock in a state of fusion or fissures between strata.
-
Iowan:
Name applied to the drift laid down between the Jerseyan ice sheet and the Wisconsin ice sheet drifts of the Pleistocene in North America
-
Itinerant:
Travelling in connection with one,s employment, here Francis Coleman travelled as a preacher on circuit.
-
Jerseyan:
Jerseyan is the name applied by Coleman to the old drift of New Jersey, this name was the extended to the oldest drift of the interior of the US and Canada.
-
Kame:
Elongated mound of post-glacial gravel, also called an esker.
-
Kansan:
Glacial drift laid down 500 000 years ago, one of four North American drifts, precedes the Illinoian drift.
-
Kootanies see Kootenays:
-
Kootenays:
1. Kootenay First Nation, group of linguistically distinct peoples. 2. Kootenays are a mountain range in South Eastern British Columbia and run between the Kootenay River and the Columbia River. Coleman visited Lardeau, Revesltoke, Nakusp, Roger,s Pass in the Kootenays.
-
L. :
Coleman abbreviation for Lake.
-
Lar. Bdrs. :
Coleman abbreviation for Laurentian Boulders.
-
Lateral moraine:
Glacial sediment laid down on the sides of a glacier.
-
Laurentian:
The designation of certain sedimentary strata found in Canada near the St. Lawrence River.
-
Lee:
The sheltered side of an object.
-
Limestone:
General term for a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of carbonate of lime (a mixture of animal shells and mud.) Limestone can vary in texture, mineral content and modes of origin. Chalk is an example of a soft limestone, a crystalline version is marble.
-
Lithology:
The character of a rock, its hardness, texture, composition and structure. Also a branch of Geology that studies rocks, their origin, formation, composition and classification.
-
Lodgement:
Lodgement till is created by the release and consolidation of debris from a glacier as ice moves down a glacier.
-
Longshore drift:
The movement of sand and shingle along the coast caused by waves and their backwash, also known as littoral drift.
-
Lower Devonian:
The system of rocks lying below the Carboniferous and Silurian formations of rock.
-
Macdonald, Sir John A. :
(1815 - 1891) Politician, lawyer, first Canadian Prime Minister, "father of Confederation." Seen by Coleman on the hustings in 1867 (see Diary No. 1, 1867 )
-
Ma:
Million years.
-
Macoma:
Genus of a mollusc.
-
Magma:
The molten rock found beneath the earth's crust which can give rise to igneous rocks.
-
Matriculant:
A person who matriculates (registers) and becomes a member of a University.
-
Matrix:
Material that surrounds rock fragments and cements them together.
-
Mbr see Milibar:
-
Medial moraine:
The centre of a glacier formed as a result of two lateral (marginal) moraines joining when one glacier has flowed into another to become one stream.
-
Melaphyre:
Any of various dark coloured, porphyritic rocks; for example, basaltic rock.
-
Metamorphic rock:
Rocks which have changed from their original form by heat or pressure beneath the earth. Examples of metamorphic transformations include limestone into marble, shale to slate, shale to schist.
-
Mica:
Group of monoclinic minerals occur as minute glittering plates or scales in granite and other rocks, mica crystals have a perfect basal clevage.
-
Micropegmatite:
Rock with a micrographic structure consisting of very small grains of feldspar and quatz, resembles graphic granite on a microscopic scale.
-
Millibar, mbr. :
A unit of atmospheric pressure measured by a barometer.
-
Mls. :
Coleman abbreviation for miles.
-
Modern Sediment:
Modern or postglacial sediment deposited by rivers, winds, landslides, plants and glacier. At present it forms a blanket over more extensive Ice Age sediment or bedrock.
-
Mohs Scale:
Measures rocks and minerals in terms of absolute hardness where a diamond has a hardness of 9 and talc has a hardness of 1.
-
Moraine:
Piles of debris, stones, earth and rubble carried down by a glacier.
-
Morley AB:
Morley was established as a Wesleyan mission in the Bow River by George McDougall in 1873 - 1876. Lucius Quincy Coleman was a cattle rancher in Morley, and Coleman often visited him and started his Rockies expeditions from there.
-
Moulin:
Deep, nearly circular well shaft in a glacier, formed by water falling through a crack in the ice and gradually carving out a hole.
-
Mount Brown:
Climbed, and named by botanist David Douglas in 1827. Douglas estimated that this was the highest mountain in the Rockies, Coleman set out to verify this claim and debunked the legend of the giant. (2799 m, 9184 ft.)
-
Mount Hooker:
Named by David Douglas in 1827, located on the continental divide east of the Athabasca Pass. (3286 m , 10781 ft.)
-
Mount Robson:
Highest peak in the Canadian Rockies (3954m / 12973 ft), located in the Fraser River Valley, major headwater Fraser River. Coleman organized two expeditions to climb Mt. Robson (1907 and 1908) but was unable to reach the summit.
-
Mount St. Elias:
Mountain on the border between Alaska and the Yukon, on the Canadian side part of Kluane National Park.
-
Moutonne:
Rounded, a bare rock outcrop or rocky hillock formed as a result of glacial action.
-
Muskeg:
A swamp or bog containing partially dead vegetation, often covered by moss.
-
NE:
North East
- Névé:
Permanent snowfield, also known as firn.
-
Niche glacier:
Small patch of glacier ice found on an upland slope.
-
Norite:
Coarse grained, plutonic rock, similar to gabbro.
-
North Cape Norway:
Known in Norwegian as Nord kapp, the cape on the island of Mageroya, Norway, considered the northernmost point in Europe.
-
Ordovician:
A period of the Palaeozoic era, 510 - 439 million years ago (between the Cambrian and Silurian periods.)
-
Ore:
A mineral that can be mined and extracted from rock at a profit.
-
Outlet Glacier:
A glacier streaming from the edge of a body of ice located on a plateau.
-
Outrigger:
A float or pontoon attached to the side of another boat, intended to increase stability.
-
Paleclimatology:
The study of climate of past ages.
-
Paleontology:
The study of extinct human life, animals and plant species through fossil evidence of the geological past.
-
Palliser Expedition:
-
Palliser Range:
Identified on Palliser's map of 1859. They lie in the southeast corner of Banff National Park, Alberta.
-
Parker, Elizabeth:
Journalist and Co-founder of the Alpine Club of Canada with A.O. Wheeler. Elizabeth Parker served as first Secretary of the ACC.
-
Pass:
A narrow passage between two mountains.
-
Permian:
A period of the Palaeozoic era, 286 to 245 million years ago (immediately precedes the Carboniferous period.)
-
Petrography:
Branch of Geology concerned with the description and systematic classification of rocks especially by means of a microscope.
-
Physiography:
Physical geography, the study of land forms.
-
Piedmont:
Area or region at the foot of a mountain (French for "foot of the mountain")
-
piedmont glacier see expanded foot glacier
-
Placer:
A deposit of sand, gravel or earth in the bed of a stream containing particles of gold or other valuable minerals.
-
Pleistocene:
A division of geological time, follows the Pliocene epoch, 1 640 000 -
10 000 years ago.
-
Precambrian time:
Earliest division of geological time from the formation of the Earth, believed to have been 4 500 to 544 million years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian period.
-
Prospecting:
The act of exploring a region in search of mineral deposits.
-
Prospecting claim:
The first claim made in an area and marked by the discoverer of the deposit.
-
Pt. :
Coleman's abbreviation for Point.
-
Pyrrhotite:
A native iron sulphide mineral, brown or bronze colour, granular, metallic luster, found in basic igneous rocks such as gabbro or norite.
-
Q. :
Coleman abbreviation for Quartzite.
-
Quartzite:
Metamorphic rock, produced from sandstone in which the quartz grains have recrystallized.
-
R. :
Coleman abbreviation for River.
-
Rd. :
Coleman abbreviation for Road.
-
Ridge:
The line on which two faces of a mountain meet.
-
Roches moutones:
Rocks found at the snout of a glacier, they have been scoured into smoothly rounded forms on the side from which the ice advanced
-
Rock:
A large mass of stone, a boulder.
-
Rockies:
A system of mountain ranges extending from north to south through the western parts of the United States and Canada. Mount Robson is the culminating point of the Rockies in Canada.
-
Ry. :
Coleman abbreviation for railway.
-
S. :
Coleman abbreviation for South.
-
Sandstone:
A variable rock contining grains of sand cemented together with carbonates, colour may be yellow, brown or red.
-
Saxicava:
Genus of bivalve shell created by a mollusc.
-
sch. :
Coleman abbreviation for schist.
-
Scharte:
German term denoting a notch in a ridge.
-
Schist:
A metamorphic rock formed from a metamorphosis of shales and slates, finer grained than gneiss, characteristically has wavy bands, can be split into thin layers or flakes.
-
Schrund:
German word for "crevasse."
-
Scree:
Shattered rock fragments formed by freeze - thaw, create a stony slope on a mountain side.
-
Sedimentary Rock:
A rock composed of sediments, usually with a layered appearance, clastic rocks mixed with mineral grains, and sand, silt or clay.
-
Selkirk Mountains:
Mountain range in South East corner of British Columbia, they lie east of the Rocky Mountains.
-
Seracs:
Formed when a crevasse of an older glacier is crossed by a fresh glacier, the ice splits into wild lumps and 'pinnacles'. As the ice moves down the slope, the seracs disappear due to the pressure of the movement and becomes a mass again.
-
Shale:
A rock formed by cemented mud.
-
Sill:
A bed, layer or stratum of rock, especially an intrusive, igneous rock.
-
Silurian:
System or series of Palaeozoic rocks lying immediately below the Devonian system and overlying the Ordovician system of rocks, approximately 440 to 410 million years before present.
-
Slate:
Composed mainly of clay, fine grained, sedimentary rock has the property of splitting into thin plates.
-
Slope:
A stretch of rising or falling ground.
-
Sluice:
A sliding gate that controls the flow of water.
-
Snout:
Front portion or the termination of a glacier.
-
Sta. :
Coleman abbreviation for station.
-
Stony Indians:
Name given to "Nakoda", First Nations group, indigenous to Canada and the United States, there was a group of Stony Indians living at Morley, Alberta. Coleman hired members of this first nations group to act as guides and packers on his expeditions in the Rocky Mountains. (Also spelled "Stoney")
-
Str. :
Coleman abbreviation for steamer (steamship).
-
Stratigraphy:
The branch of Geology concerned with the order and relative position of the strata of the earth's crust.
-
Stratum:
A bed or layer of rock.
-
Striate:
Marked with fine lines, ridges or furrows.
-
Striated Stones:
Evidence of glaciation. Stones carved by the journey down a glacier, the corner and edges are rounded, flat surfaces polished and scratched. Also called "soled boulders."
-
Sublimation:
A direct change of state from a solid to a gas omitting the liquid stage, or the opposite, a change from a gas directly to a solid as in the formation of ice from a water vapour.
-
Svalbard Norway:
A Norwegian archepelago of islands in the Arctic Ocean including Spitzbergen and Bear Island.
-
Sward:
A layer of soil covered with grass or turf.
-
Syncline:
The folds of orginally horizontal strata are folded downward, the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold. (The opposite of anticline.)
-
T. :
Coleman abbreviation likely used for 'till'.
-
Talus:
A sloping mass of loose rocks lying at the base of a cliff consisting of material fallen from a cliff or mountain.
-
Terminal moraine:
The rocks and debris that are swept down a mountain by a glacier become a ridge of loose blocks at the front / snout of the glacier.
-
ther. :
Coleman abbreviation for thermometer.
-
Thompson, David:
(1770 - 1857) explorer, fur trader and map maker, worked for the Hudson Bay Company and then the Northwest Company. First European to travel down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, Thompson charted the first reliable maps of Western Canada.
-
Till:
Stiff clay, impervious to water, occurs in unstratified deposits, also known as boulder clay.
-
Topography:
The character, natural features and configuration of land.
-
Tp. :
Coleman abbreviation for township.
-
Truncated Spur:
A steep bluff, offshoot on the side of a glacial trough.
-
Tufaceous:
Having the nature or texture of tuff.
-
Tuff:
A light, porous, cellular rock for example volcanic tuff is made of volcanic ash and other materials.
-
Unio:
A genus of freshwater bivalve mussel.
-
Upper Silurian:
A system of Paleozoic rocks lying immediately below the Devonian and overlying the Ordovician system of rocks.
-
Valley glaciers:
A valley glacier occupies a valley in the moutains.
-
Varve:
Found in glacial lakes, a thin layer of clay and silt of contrasting colour and texture which represent the deposit of a single year, varves serve as a record of the retreat of a glacier.
-
Warm Glacier:
A glacier which has a basal temperature of around 0°,C.
-
Watershed:
A ridge of high land dividing two areas that are drained by different river systems, the continental divide in the Rockies forms a watershed between east and west flowing streams.
-
Wheeler, Arthur O. :
Co-founder and First President of the Canadian Alpine Club. Surveyor for the Dominion Land Survey and the Department of the Interior in western Canada (Alberta and British Columbia.) He encouraged the Colemans to mount expeditions to Mount Robson.
-
Wisconsin:
Name applied to the drift of the fourth and final Pleistocene glaciation of North America.